chemical used in coagulation or in other treatment processes . d. Define sedimentation volume. The process by which an emulsion coalesces (completely breaks i.e., the system separates into bulk oil and water phases), is generally considered to be governed by four different droplet loss mechanisms: Brownian flocculation, creaming, sedimentation flocculation, and disproportionation, shown schematically in Figure 1. years experience of working in pharmaceutical industry and has taught elementary school (grades 3-5) environmental science and lifeskill for 2 . The proposed revision incorporates con-cepts outlined in a Stimuli to the Revision Process article, Devel-opment of a Compendial Taxonomy and . The sedimentation volume gives only a qualitative account of flocculation. 2 . what is the definition of gold number? 15μm - 100μm : Fine Powder. D. Viscosity of the suspension affects the settling of particles. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The optimal working volume would depend on the construction of the mixer. 20. The term colloidal is usually applied to systems in which the size of the dispersed particles are intermediate in size between true solutions and coarse dispersions and are usually . If f=1 Particle Size 2.1 Overview 2.2 Statistical Diameters Particle Size Distribution Comparing Different Distributions Particle Shape and Surface Area Particle Size Analysis 6.1 Microscopy 6.2 Sieving 6.3 Sedimentation 6.4 Coulter Counter. (1) Sedimentation methods, (2) Rheological methods, (3) Electro-kinetic methods and (4) Micromeritic methods. A model of the sedimentation rate was developed, which shows a relationship between grain size and flow runout. There are 2 types of suspensions: • Dilute suspensions • Concentrated suspensions. B. Deflocculation is not desirable for pharmaceutical suspensions. Generically, such solids-liquid separation processes are sometimes referred to as clarification processes. SUSPENSIONS 97 Sedimentation volume The suspension formulation (50 mL) was poured separately into 100 mL measuring cylinders and sedimentation volume was read after 1, 2, 3 and 7 days, and thereafter at weekly intervals for 12 weeks. Creaming, in the laboratory sense, is the migration of the dispersed phase of an emulsion, under the influence of buoyancy.The particles float upwards or sink, depending on how large they are and how much less dense or more dense they may be than the continuous phase, and also how viscous or how thixotropic the continuous phase might be. . This can be minimized if the volume of sediment is made large. Volume 66, Issue 1 p. 129-145. 0 to 20 mm/hour in women younger than 50. The suspension is somewhat unslightly, due to rapid sedimentation and the presence of an obvious, clear supernatant region. Unformatted text preview: Coarse Dispersions: SUSPENSIONS DEFINITION: Suspensions A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in which insoluble solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. The rate of sedimentation is slow since smaller particles are settling slow rather than large floccules. A Pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in . KG/L or thousand-fold multiples and submultiples of those units. Two sedimentation parameters, the settling onset time (Sonset) and the sedimentation volume ratio (SVR) can be determined simultaneously in a single measurement. • The particles have diameters for the most part greater than 0.1 μm. "size" or the volume that is to be withdrawn. The results demonstrate the suspension characteristics to be significantly altered by solution conditions (pH and ionic strength) and the charge state of bound antigens. Aerosols: Aerosols are suspensions of drug particles or drug solution in the air and are used for inhalation of drug delivery to the lung. The design, materials, manufacturing, and testing of all dosage forms target drug product quality. Chemical Unit Operations . Sedimentation volume is a ratio of the ultimate volume of sediment (V u) to the original volume of sediment (V O) before settling. 1. Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water. Laboratory 5 - Sedimentation-Suspensions. • If the volume of sediment in a flocculated suspension equals the original volume of suspension, than F=1, such product is Size is considered keeping in mind the optimal working volume, fill level and residence time. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of single suspending agent. facturing processes ( 2 ). Definition 2. The F value of a deflocculated suspension is usually relatively small, about 0.2. 4439 Views Download Presentation. In a while it can be noticed that the gravel and rocks have settled below, stand above and so on. The excess A Pharmaceutical . 21. Pharmaceutics II - Micrometrics. Different concentrations of XG were used and several parameters, that is, redispersibility, sedimentation volume, pH, and viscosity were evaluated. There is a variety of methods for applying sedimentation and include: horizontal flow, radial flow, inclined plate, View Pharmaceutics SAQs.docx from PHARMACY 73043 at Kenya Medical Training Centre (KMTC). Sedimentation Parameters Sedimentation volume (F) or height (H) for flocculated suspensions: Definition: Sedimentation volume is a ratio of the ultimate volume of sediment (Vu) to the original volume of sediment (VO) before settling. pharmaceutical materials. • Sedimentation volume, V, or height, H • Degree of . C. Motion of dispersed particles in a suspension is induced by ther-mal and gravitational forces. 24 Define the "mole" as applied in concentration of a substance. Even after the formation of the sediment, the supernatant of this suspension will still have cloudiness. Mass is determined with an analytical balance and the key to obtaining reliable . h1151i Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,USP 32 page 663. e. Define Suppositories. Rheological methods help in predicting the settling pattern and can Two stability categories can be distinguished: colloidal stability and gravitational stability. The most efficient method of producing small particle size is dry milling. Sedimentation is one of several methods for application prior to filtration: other options include dissolved air flotation and some methods of filtration. . Syllabus 1. . Centrifugation is one of the most important and widely applied research techniques in biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology and in evaluation of suspensions and emulsions in pharmacy and medicine. aggregation or agglomeration). Define the Nernst potential. Hence, colloidal stability depends on several types of . The purpose of particle size analysis. 23. Suspended solids (or SS), is the mass of dry solids retained by a filter of a given porosity related to the volume of the water sample. A pharmaceutical suspension with F value 1 is the ideal system and such a system is said to be flocculated. Dispersions in which the droplet size frequently exceeds 1 μm are referred to as coarse dispersions, which include most pharmaceutical suspensions and emulsions. This includes particles 10 μm and greater. Colloidal stability relates to particle size change (e.g. Uploaded on Nov 12, 2014. i. Volatile propellants are frequently used as vehicles for pharmaceutical aerosols. A thermodynamically unstable system consisting of a at least two immiscible liquid phases, with one phase dispersed in the other liquid phase, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. Sedimentation equilibrium is a thermodynamic method where equilibrium concentration gradients at lower centrifugal fields are analyzed to define molecule mass . b) Amount of substance 6. Different concentrations of XG were used and several parameters, that is, redispersibility, sedimentation volume, pH, and viscosity were evaluated. 7. Cold maceration process was employed to obtain the extract of herbal drugs. Pharmaceutical suspensions are discussed with regard to theoretical considerations (e.g., interfacial properties, electric double layer, wetting, flocculated and deflocculated systems), stability factors (e.g., settling and sedimentation, effect of particle size, crystal growth, and use of structured vehicles, etc. Figure 9.1 shows an outline of the lifetime of a drug. Download Download PDF. . Bulk density is a characteristic of a volume of divided material such as powders . readily ejected from the syringe (Injectability). The larger surface area of disperse ¾ It should be easily drawn into a syringe (Syringeability) and drug may help ensure a high degree of avaibilty for absorption. A short summary of this paper. The external phase (suspending medium) is . as excess will _____ the attractive forces with high sedimentation volume. The rate of sedimentation of a suspended phase depends on several factors which may be controlled by pharmaceutical manipulation. o Explain the theories of Emulsification. 10μm - 15μm : Flocculating suspension & porous emulsion. What are the two types of emulsions. In wastewater treatment, sedimentation is used to remove both inorganic and organic materials [21]. How to use suspending agent in a sentence. CHAPTER 05. Under sedimentation methods, measurement of the sedimentation volume and its ease of re-dispersion, form two of the most common basic evaluation procedures. The final sediment has a small volume than a flocculated suspension. Definition of Trickling Filter Process. Suspended material may be particles, such as clay or silts, originally present in the source water. density values is in the accuracy and precision of measuring volume. Micromeretic and Powder Rheology: Particle size and distribution, average . The sedimentation rate of each suspension is determined. mass and volume. Ans: Because the actual particles of a powder sample are uneven and unsymmetrical in shape. Development of a compendial Excess Volume in Injections—Each container of an Injec-taxonomy and glossary for pharmaceutical dosage forms. Whether a pharmaceutical suspension is to be taken orally, applied topically or injected, the dispersed phase should be uniformly distributed in order to ensure the administration of a uniform dose. Weight and sedimentation is much related. distribution (PSD) and shape of the compounds to be used in . 1.1 Definition . By definition, all density measurements involve the measurement of . Definition A Pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in which internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout the external phase. A high sed rate is a sign you have a disease that causes inflammation in . The rate of sedimentation, agglomeration, is affected by particle size. Start studying Pharmaceutics-Suspensions and Emulsions. All the batches showed good redispersibility and high sedimentation volume, and pH of the suspension was basic, that is, 8.2. Parental suspension is useful dosage from for administering insoluble or poorly soluble drugs. PHARMACEUTICS-I Time: 3 Hours Total Mark75 s: Note: 1. sedimentation volume and the sediment is easily . " Such suspensions in which concentration of solid particles ranges from 2 to 10% w/v solid" For example: cortisone acetate suspension, prednisolone acetate suspension. A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion of insoluble solid particles in a liquid medium. Sedimentation volume is defined as When a suspension is taken in a measuring cylinder volume and height is proportional and height can be conveniently measured through the term volume is included in the terminology sedimentation volume "F" is a dimension less number. The designing of a trickling filter unit includes a support structure, pebble or plastic filled media . tion is filled with a volume in slight excess of the labeled 2003;29(5):1742-1752. The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles having a specific range of size which is maintained uniformly throughout the suspending vehicle with aid of single or combination of suspending agent. is to obtain quantitative data on the mean size, particle size. Assuming that all dispersed particles are of uniform shape and size and that the particles are sufficiently far apart so that the movement of one does not affect the neighboring particles, the rate of sedimentation . f. How co-solvent improves solubility. . ), and rheologic aspects. Take a jar and fill it with garden variety mud, pour some water, shake well and keep it untouched for few minutes. Similarly, too much of fill would lead to low mixing and hence fill level becomes important. o Define pharmaceutical emulsion and emulsifying agent and identify the main types of emulsions. Matter, Properties of Matter : State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid. Sieve technique - measures the mass of material retained on a series of screens and reports the amount of material between spherical hole sizes. The meaning of SUSPENDING AGENT is a substance (such as carrageenan, xanthan gum, or cellulose ether) that is added to fluids to promote particle suspension or dispersion and reduce sedimentation. . Fig 2.1: Suspensions quantified by sedimentation volume (f) 2.1.5.2 Degree of flocculation (β) It is a very useful parameter for flocculation Sedimentation Value: ' F ' has values ranging from less than . Term. Appearance: Color, Texture and particle size enhancement. More commonly, suspended material or floc is created from material in the water and the. IPQC: Definition:-•Checks performed during production in order to monitor and, if necessary, to adjust the process to ensure that the product conforms to its specifications. ), and rheologic aspects. A bad choice of excipient can even lead to severe intoxications, as experienced by epileptic patients in Australia in the late 1960s who were taking phenytoin capsules 2.The calcium sulphate used as a diluent in the capsule had been replaced by lactose and this . Displaces absorbed air. The zeta potential and sedimentation volume are (increased/decreased, increased/increased, decreased/decreased or decreased/increased) in the 1st caking zone . However, wet milling may be desirable for potentially explosive ingredients. Pharmaceutics exam 2 from Interfacial phenomena and on study guide by gabebabe1 includes 153 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. A suspension is a heterogenous system containing dispersed solids of such size that they settle. Gels are by definition, "semi-solid systems consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid." These can be suspensions if composed of "a two-phase network of small discrete particles," e.g.,aluminum hydroxide gel or a magma if July 28, 2021 : Determination of bulk density, true density and porosity physical pharmaceutics 2 The formation of the sediment here is also called caking. Emulsion Stability. The sedimentation volume gives only a qualitative account of flocculation. Sedimentation behaviour of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions 23 24. Ideally, volume of sediment should encompass the volume of the suspension. Pharm Forum. Clearly, backflow tends to decrease sedimentation velocities, more so at larger volume fractions. During stages 1 and 2, when a drug is synthesized and formulated, the particle size of the drug and other powders in the formulation is determined, and this influences the . If particles are not subject to size variation, the dispersion is considered colloidally stable. Liposomes and micro-/nanoparticles: Suspensions of liposomes, microspheres, microcapsules, nanospheres, or nanocapsules . All the batches showed good redispersibility and high sedimentation volume, and pH of the suspension was basic, that is, 8.2. Sedimentation of a suspension is generally assessed by a jar test, during which a suspension is allowed to settle and the height of the clear liquid (supernatant)-suspension interface is measured as a function of the settling time. E. Crystal growth of particles in a suspension is due . Term. If the sedimentation volume is 0.8, 80% volume of the suspension is occupied by the loose flocs as the sediment. The boundary between the supernatant is observed and the time it takes for the boundary to pass each 10 mL graduation until the volume of sediment has reached 40 mL is recorded. Define Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). It was stated that when the silting rate had reached 50%, the sediment deposition in the reservoir may be described by an empirical reservoir depth shape function (RDSF). 30/08/2018 2 . In a jar test particles can be observed to settle in any of several quite different ways, dependent on their . Important Question: On a sight.. Why particle size is expressed as equivalent spherical diameter. Add ¼ volume of the vehicle to produce smooth cream. Pharmaceutical suspensions are liquid dosage forms containing finely divided insoluble materials (the suspensoid) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout the suspending medium (suspending vehicle) in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility. SECTION A . Sedimentation, or clarification, is the process of letting suspended material settle by gravity. •In-process controls are usually performed within the production area. . Compressibility : Small Particle size - enhance compressibility. and Campi Flegrei of Southern Italy resulted in sedimentation rates falling inside the range of experiments and allowed definition of the duration of pyroclastic density . For as long as the particles remain separated, the . . Trickling filter process can define as the biological system, which tends to separate or degrade the maximum organic and inorganic waste ( up to 85%) out of the primary or raw sludge via the slime layer. Attempt all Sections. Sedimentation rate was 0.006 to 0.038 mL/day for all sedimenting samples. desired physical chemical requisites of a pharmaceutical suspension, the product can look unsightly if F, the sedimentation volume is not close or equal to 1. Mix one or more diffusible solids in a mortar in ascending order concerning their quantity and triturate to get a fine powder. Most pharmaceutical suspension has an "F" value less than one. . 0 to 20 mm/hour in men older than 50. where v s is the sedimentation velocity, u s is the local backflow velocity, and φ is the fraction of the total volume that is occupied by colloidal material, the volume fraction of Brownian particles. Aerodynamic sizing technique - measures the . Silting rate is a quotient of volume of the sediment deposited in the reservoir and its original volume. Sedimentation techniques - measures the rate at which particles settle in a liquid column and reports the size of a sphere with the same settling rate. Definition . This dosage form is used for providing a liquid dosage form for insoluble . The D 10, D 25, D 50 22. 0 to 30 mm/hour for women older than 50. 3. The 3D volume of the ellipse which surrounds any particle is calculated using the equation: The D-values computed by notionally arranging all particles measured in order of ascending volume. c. State Fried's and Clark's formula. "Evaluation of an Empirical Reservoir Shape Function to Define . In sedimentation velocity, the movement of solutes in high centrifugal fields is interpreted using hydrodynamic theory to define the size, shape and interactions of macromolecules. Define emulsion. The importance of centrifugation in the pharmaceutical industry has rarely been studied. 59.7K. 1000μm - 3360μm : Granules. Read Paper. 30 SEDIMENTATION The velocity v of sedimentation of spherical particles having a Assistant Professor in Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy & Nursing University of Nizwa P.O. Original Article. Weight . Cold maceration process was employed to obtain the extract of herbal drugs. . F = V u / VO Where, Vu = final or ultimate volume of sediment VO = original volume of suspension before settling An excipient is a substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication, included for the purpose of long-term stabilization, bulking up solid formulations that contain potent active ingredients in small amounts (thus often referred to as "bulking agents", "fillers", or "diluents"), or to confer a therapeutic enhancement on the active ingredient in the final dosage form, such as . This review focuses on the basics and principle of centrifugation, classes of centrifuges, types of . The control of the environment or equipment may also be regarded as a part of in-process control. The total volume is computed first. A most important parameter in the evaluation stability of the suspension. Excipients play a central role in the drug development process, in the formulation of stable dosage forms and in their administration. The sedimentation volume reduces with time in the decreasing order of A12 > 11 > 15 > 7 > 3 > 6 > 9 > 10. . h. List the last three editions of Indian Pharmacopoeia. Pharmaceutics The Science of Dosage Form Design 2Ed M.E.Aulton v. Maharun Nessa. g. Determine 80% v/v alcohol in terms of proof spirit. It generally lies between 50 to 70 percent of the maximum. Method of preparation of suspensions. Flow ability: Granulation technique convert powder into granule of uniform size, to increase flow property. The sedimentation volume, F, is defined as the ratio of the final, or ultimate, volume of the sediment, V u, to the original volume of the suspension, V o . 2. Definition. Gels are by definition, "semi-solid systems consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid." These can be suspensions if composed of "a two-phase network of small discrete particles," e.g.,aluminum hydroxide gel or a magma if Decrease the contact angle. A. Flocculation is desirable for pharmaceutical suspensions. complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids-crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism. . Rheology: More small particles - More particle-particle intration - Increase resistance to flow. Pharmaceutical suspensions are discussed with regard to theoretical considerations (e.g., interfacial properties, electric double layer, wetting, flocculated and deflocculated systems), stability factors (e.g., settling and sedimentation, effect of particle size, crystal growth, and use of structured vehicles, etc. Ease of re-dispersibility ranged from 3.39 to 13.37 s in the increasing order of A3 < 12 < 15 < 9 < 6 < 8 < 10 < 11 < 7. This behavior prevents sedimentation during storage and allows the easy withdrawal of . Add any other additives prescribed in the formula slowly with trituration. The size of particulate solids is important in achieving optimum formulation and production of efficacious medicines. Triplicate results were obtained for each formulation. Particle size of the active agent plays a key role in the physical stability and bioavailability of the drug product. A dosage form is a pharmaceutical preparation consisting of drug substance(s) and/or excipient(s) to facilitate dosing, administration, and delivery of the content of the drug product or placebo to the patient. An iterative algorithm then adds the volumes starting with the smallest and working up to the largest. VIEWS. V = is the partial specific volume (approximately equal to the . Download Download PDF. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Box 33, Post Code 616 Birkat Al Mouz, . Although the fluid backflow may be considered constant on a local scale, allowing statistical . 150μm - 1000μm : Coarse Powder. Make sure all of the particle are uniformly suspended, the suspension is shook vigorously and the time is noted. The process of sedimentation can be observed by a small experiment. Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. Sedimentation - Sedimentation is the process of allowing settling of solid particles that are heavier than water particles under gravity i.e., the particle size less than 0.2 mm and specific gravity 2.65. This general information chapter is being revised in its en-tirety to represent current compendial thinking with respect to official preparations. This Paper.
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